Determining it is fear of decommissioning

They are called Jimmie Akesson, Geert Wilders, Heinz Christian Strache, Pia Kjaersgaard, Siv Jensen, Timo Soini or Marine Le Pen. They are young, décomplexés and charismatic. They condemn any - will the mass immigration policy which lend themselves, in their view, their Governments. They éreintent islam, accused of threatening their values and cultures. They vitupèrent against Europe. Too liberal, too open, too expensive, too Federal. some of them are even out of the euro. They claim a direct link with the people they want freed convicted political elites of blindness and weakness. They left the politically correct in the locker room and talk about "true", by avoiding however carefully racist slippages could marginalize them, thereby depriving them of the votes of as many.

The recipe is miracle: the xenophobic, nationalist and euroskeptic parties grow lights in Europe. Ever since the interwar period, protest movements have had together as many votes. Since they were hatched in the 1970s, their number and their influence continued to swell. There are now - according to political scientist Dominique Reynié - 27 right-wing populist parties in 18 different European countries. If only two of them are involved - the Northern League in Italy - and the UDC in Switzerland Governments, their elected representatives sit in fourteen parliaments. The European elections of June 2009, the extreme right has achieved a double-digit score in eight Member States (Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria and Italy) and together between 5 and 10 of the vote in five other States (Finland, Romania, Greece, France and Slovakia).

Their recent conquests In April 2010, the Northern League, allied of the Berlusconi Government, won two areas among the richest of the Italy, Veneto and Piedmont. The Austria experimented in turn last spring a 21 April 2002 to the French, with the continued in the second round of the presidential election of the candidate of the Austrian OPS, Barbara Rosenkranz (15.6 of the vote). In Hungary, the nationalist party Jobbik advanced to the third rank of the political forces of the country (16.7 of the vote). In June, the Netherlands, the party for freedom (PVV) of Geert Wilders made a historic breakthrough in the legislative and triple its presence in the lower House. Finally, last September, the party xenophobic of the Sweden Democrats, heir of neo-Nazi formation, RAID 20 seats in the Riksdag, the single House of Parliament.

Sunday's election will show whether or not the "true Finns" of Timo Soini confirm the floodgates announced by the polls. If this is the case, the populist movement could be coming to the Government and even... lead. With the key, a drastic revision of the pro-European policy of the Finland. Timo Soini does not want his country is involved in the rescue of the most heavily indebted countries of southern Europe. Indeed, if it was to him, they would more part of the euro.

How to explain this extremist fever outbreak that captures to people deemed to be the most tolerant, the Dutch and the countries of Northern Europe, or those, further to the East, leaving barely 50 years of Communist darkness The economic and financial crisis that swept the Western world since 2007 could justify many of anger against financial capitalism and the Governments. "This phenomenon is certainly economic and social foundations." "It is sufficient to focus on the results of the surveys: hostility towards foreigners very precisely follows the unemployment curve", explains Pascal Helwitt, Professor of political science at the free University of Brussels. "This new generation of far right parties emerged in the wake of the first oil shocks, accompanying the perception that the crisis which occurred was deep, structural," he continued.

Without denying its economic roots, the specialist of the far right, Jean-Yves Camus however refers to a "more psychological than economic" phenomenon, otherwise how the surge of the extreme right in Switzerland, the Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden or Austria, prosperous societies to it in is then the violence of the crisis caused no alarm clock of the extreme right in Iceland, IrelandSpain or the Portugal. "There is a feeling of decadence, among these voters of precarization, whatever else their social status.". Determining it is fear of decommissioning. "Jean-Yves Camus spoke of a"civilizational concern. "

"The phenomenon is not only cyclical", confirms Magali Balent, of the Robert Schuman Foundation. It is linked to the "structural challenges in the process of globalization is characterized by an identity malaise related to the opening of economies, immigration and the advent of multicultural societies. At these explanations, Dominique Reynié added another in the book he has just published "populism: the fatal slope": population aging, making Europeans more receptive to the populist themes. He calls "heritage populism" that "defence conservative and virulent material heritage which is the standard of living and an intangible heritage which is the style of life". A movement capable according to him "to disrupt the political system of the European nations such as the Union as a whole."

Because Europe is one of the pet peeves of these populist movements. "In the 1970s, the European Union does was not at all"

hostility of the extreme right. It was seen as a bulwark against the Communist danger. Benefit of the euro. "Today, Europe is seen as a performer of globalization, open to the outside, expanding infinitely, cosmopolitan, multicultural," continued Magalin Balent.

With these changes, the parties they describe as a "national-populist" offer the defence of the original identity of the peoples of Europe.

In simple terms and in the mouth of Jimmie Akesson, leader of the Democrats of Sweden, this translates into: "Muslims are the largest threat to the Sweden since the second world war." Or: "Choose to terminate funding for immigration before that put an end to the funding of pensions." Anti-Semitism has almost disappeared from the ideological register of the extreme right - except in East European nationalist parties in Poland, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary. Now, this is the fight against immigration and the resistance to the influence of islam which became the new markers of these parties. Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch PVV, denounced a "creeping Islamization" of the Netherlands and calls for the prohibition of the Koran, which he compared a few years of Hitler's "Mein Kampf". As its flagship program, that he is now working to implement, half of the migration division.

The European Union is, in fact, today, the first continent of immigration - legal - in the world, before the United States, with approximately 3.5 million entrants each year approximately. "The issue of ethnic balance settled in the heart of political debates national and European immigration and national identity", said Dominique Reynié.

"Two home of foreigners, multiculturalism and integration models, none is proven", said Thierry Chopin, Professor at Sciences po. National-populist parties have recovered successfully this theme they play with great skill. "These parties are fighting against islam by taking the mask of democracy, said Nonna Mayer, Director of research at the Centre of European studies at Sciences po." They claim to defend the rights of women and homosexuals against a religion as that of intolerance. "Thus, as the leader of the PVV, Geert Wilders, islam of"fascist ideology"and presents itself as the best defender of freedoms:" I say this more clearly: my culture is better than Islamic culture. ". We are not dealing with women, men, political relations as the attardée culture. We the people are equal.

In silence - long-observed on these issues by political elites fear to trivialise these speeches, "populists have imposed their agenda in the public debate," provides Thierry Chopin. And while this extreme right seizes more consensual themes such as secularism, social protection and sometimes the defence of minorities, the traditional right gives little by little into the temptations of populism, when it does him not squarely succumbed as the Italian Government to the Northern League. The influence of the Italy immigration policy and obtained the limitation of the transfer of wealth from the North to the South of the country. In Switzerland, the UDC was able to impose the ban construction of minarets by referendum. In the Denmark, the Party of the people (DF) dearly buying its support to the minority Government of Lars Lokke Rasmussen: "Danish legislation is is clearly tightened the criteria for reception of immigrants and refugees and on their living conditions in the Kingdom." "The Denmark has become one of the most restrictive States of Europe", says journalist Antoine Jacob in the journal "international politics". This identity stiffening wins the France where the French President Nicolas Sarkozy is betting that the national Front join even less of the vote that the Government is discovering themes that concerned the French: immigration and security. Even the sage Angela Merkel has hardened his rhetoric on immigration, taking note of the failure of multiculturalism. Has a recent survey published by "Die zeit" in December not revealed that two Germans in five felt threatened by islam, over the French and the Dutch

The populist contagion reached the shores of the oldest parliamentary democracy, welcoming land is for immigrants. The approach of the local elections, David Cameron speech yesterday, in Hampshire, a very hard denouncing the cost and the tensions caused by the massive immigration of recent years. It also has to vote by Parliament a "referendum lock" which will allow to submit to referendum any future transfer of sovereignty to the European Union. Commoditization of identity withdrawal policies or considered worthy of the real concerns of citizens Between the two European balance. "It is necessary to restore the failed sense of identity and regain a sense of belonging to the community, concludes Thierry Chopin." But, in and flirting with the themes of the extreme right, Governments take the risk of exacerbating tensions and create a distance more radical between "the people" and the elites, "the people" and foreigners, "the people" and the rest of the world.